Galaxy
A galaxy is a vast, gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, gas, dust, and dark matter. They range in size from dwarf galaxies with a few thousand stars to giants containing over a trillion stars and spanning more than a million light‑years in diameter.
There are thought to be over 100 billion galaxies in the universe, but recent studies—including data from NASA and ESA—suggest this number may exceed two trillion.
Galaxies are classified by shape into three main types: spiral (like the Milky Way), elliptical, and irregular. Active galaxies—those emitting exceptionally bright radiation from their cores—make up around 10 % of observed galaxies.
The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, part of the Local Group of over 20 galaxies. It contains over 100 billion stars, a stellar disk ~100,000 light‑years across, and a central supermassive black hole.
Galaxies often cluster together in groups and clusters, which themselves are components of larger structures like superclusters and filaments. These structures form the cosmic web that defines the large‑scale structure of the universe.
Galaxies evolve through processes like mergers—where two galaxies interact and combine—and internal star formation driven by gas dynamics. Interactions can trigger starbursts, dramatically increasing a galaxy’s stellar birth rate.
Supermassive black holes, found at the centers of most large galaxies, power active galactic nuclei (AGN), emitting extreme energies and sometimes launching relativistic jets. These AGN influence both galactic and intergalactic environments.
Dark matter makes up most of a galaxy’s mass. Its presence is inferred from phenomena like flat rotation curves and gravitational lensing—despite being invisible, it profoundly shapes galaxy formation and dynamics.
Our understanding continues to expand thanks to advanced observations from missions like ESA’s Herschel, Gaia, and NASA/ESA’s Hubble and James Webb Space Telescopes, along with theoretical frameworks and cosmological simulations.
Sources
- ESA – Galaxies (CESAR booklet)
- NASA Science – Galaxy Basics
- ESA – Every point is a galaxy (Herschel)
- NASA Science – Galaxy Evolution & Mergers
- NASA Science – Galaxy Types
- ESA – Galaxy groups and clusters (The scale of the Universe)
- NASA Science – Large Scale Structures
- NASA – Hubble’s Galaxies
- ESA – The Galaxy in Context (arXiv)
- ESA – The Fundamental Properties of Galaxies (arXiv)
APODs including "Galaxy"
The Milky Way Over Bryce Canyon
27 July 2010
What are those strange rock structures? They are towers and walls of sedimentary rock that are particularly plentiful in Bryce Canyon in Utah, USA. The rock columns may rise higher than 50 meters and are called hoodoos. On the far left is Thor's Hammer, perhaps the most famous hoodoo. The tall rock columns were carved, most typically, when a unusually dense cap of rock provided a layer of protection to rock underneath from rain-based erosion. In the above panoramic picture taken earlier this month and compressed horizontally, the foreground rocks were momentarily illuminated by a roving spotlight. Visible in the background are a few water clouds a few kilometers away hovering over the nearby Earth. Visible well beyond that are thousands of individually discernible stars averaging a few hundred light years away in the nearby Milky Way Galaxy. Far in the distance lie billions of stars that are thousands of light years away and compose the faintly glowing arch that is the visible central band of the flat disk of our Milky Way. Over many years, wind and rain will eventually cause the tops of the hoodoos to topple, whereafter the underlying column will likely completely erode away.